Iraq responded to these losses by firing a series of SCUD-B missiles into the cities of Dezful, Masjid Soleiman, and Behbehan. [190][191], The Iran–Iraq War was the deadliest conventional war ever fought between regular armies of developing countries. En général, ceux qui avaient arborés de fortes illusions sur le caractère « anti-impérialiste » de l’État, prirent de positions nationalistes et défensistes. [78] However, his troops continued to occupy some key Iranian border areas of Iran, including the disputed territories that prompted his invasion, notably the Shatt al-Arab waterway. Estimates for 1980 and 1987 were:[219], The conflict has been compared to World War I[220]:171 in terms of the tactics used, including large-scale trench warfare with barbed wire stretched across trenches, manned machine gun posts, bayonet charges, human wave attacks across a no man's land, and extensive use of chemical weapons such as sulfur mustard by the Iraqi government against Iranian troops, civilians, and Kurds. Stephen Pelletier, a Journalist, Middle East expert, and author, noted that "Tawakal ala Allah ... resulted in the absolute destruction of Iran's military machine. [78] By this time, 17,000 Iraqis and 30,000 Iranians were made casualties. [78] This part of Operation Beit ol-Moqaddas was spearheaded by the 77th Khorasan division with tanks along with the Revolutionary Guard and Basij. Israël déclencha alors … En Iran, la guerre contre l'Irak (1980-1988) s'est aussi jouée sur le terrain du cinéma et Agnès Devictor analyse avec une grande finesse comment les « films du front » ont façonné le grand récit de cette guerre. In the north, Iraq also launched an attack into Iraqi Kurdistan, which was blunted by the Iranians. [75][page needed], The Iranians built up their forces on the heights surrounding Mehran. During Operation Karbala-10, Iran attacked near the same area, capturing more territory. Iran's Revolutionary Guards also used the T-55 tanks they had captured in earlier battles. [67] Cities on both sides had also been considerably damaged. The Combat Engineer Corps built bridges across water obstacles, laid minefields, erected earthen revetments, dug trenches, built machinegun nests, and prepared new defence lines and fortifications. [83] The Iranian attacks were too few in number to deter Iraq from launching their attacks. [citation needed], Operation Kheibar began on 24 February with Iranian infantrymen crossing the Hawizeh Marshes using motorboats and transport helicopters in an amphibious assault. The Iran–Iraq War was the first and only conflict in the history of warfare in which both forces used ballistic missiles against each other. [87] Watching the disintegration of the powerful Iranian army that frustrated him in 1974–1975, he saw an opportunity to attack, using the threat of Islamic Revolution as a pretext. [119] Civilian and industrial targets were hit by the raids,[159] and each successful raid inflicted economic damage from regular strategic bombing. La guerre entre l'Iran et l'Irak, qui débute le 22 septembre 1980, est une guerre faite de paradoxes : pour la première fois au Moyen-Orient, Israël n'est pas en cause, ce … War Annual: The World in Conflict [year] War Annual [number]. Though they took heavy losses, they eventually broke through Iraqi lines. [78][129] Iran supported a government in exile for Iraq, the Supreme Council of the Islamic Revolution in Iraq, led by exiled Iraqi cleric Mohammad Baqer al-Hakim, which was dedicated to overthrowing the Ba'ath party. [78] By this time, it was estimated that no more than 70 Iranian fighter aircraft were still operational at any given time; Iran had its own helicopter repair facilities, left over from before the revolution, and thus often used helicopters for close air support. Les forces irakiennes avançaient le long de trois axes : vers Qasr-e Chirin au nord, Mehran au centre, et surtout Susangard et Khorramchahr dans le sud. In addition, many junior officers were promoted to generals, resulting in the army being more integrated as a part of the regime by the war's end, as it is today. récemment déclassifié de la CIA, le programme chimique irakien aurait coûté 200 millions de dollars de 1974 à 1984 contre 75 milliards de dollars de dépenses militaires irakiennes totales sur la même période. Iraqi air campaigns met little opposition, striking over half of Iran, as the Iraqis were able to gain air superiority towards the end of the war. En juin de cette même année, l'Irak décrète un cessez-le-feu, mais voit son territoire envahi à son tour le mois suivant. Both sides also abandoned equipment in the battlefield because their technicians were unable to carry out repairs. [78]:9 The Iranians used a combined force of regular army artillery with small groups of armor, supported by Pasdaran (IRGC) and Basij infantry. [78] The al-Anfal Campaign was intended to "pacify" Iraqi Kurdistan permanently. Niyazmatov. [73] Iraq threatened war over the Iranian move, but on 24 April 1969, an Iranian tanker escorted by Iranian warships (Joint Operation Arvand) sailed down the Shatt al-Arab, and Iraq—being the militarily weaker state—did nothing. Un film relatant ces évènements fut tourné [71]. Playlist - http://www.youtube.com/view_play_list?p=D18CFDC06AE2A838The Vietnam War was fought for the defense of democracy. », Revue des mondes musulmans et de la Méditerranée [En ligne], 144 | novembre 2018, mis en ligne le 02 février 2017, consulté le 15 janvier 2021. Cordesman, Anthony H. "The Lessons of Modern War: The Iran–Iraq War." They operated with virtual impunity, as Iraqi pilots had little training in hitting naval targets. Iraq also replenished their stocks of small arms and anti-tank weapons such as AK-47s and rocket-propelled grenades from its supporters. Had Iraq won the war, the fear in the Gulf and the threat to our interest would be scarcely less than it is today. Pour Bagdad, il s’agissait d’en rajouter pour prouver aux monarchies du Golfe que l’Irak avait vaillamment joué son rôle de bouclier contre l’expansionnisme révolutionnaire iranien, de manière à les convaincre de renoncer à leurs créances pour prix du sang versé ». [75] The Iranians defeated the MEK in the city of Kerend-e Gharb on 29 July 1988. Dès 1983, des armes chimiques (sarin, tabun, gaz moutarde et cyclosarin) sont utilisées par l'Irak, à la fois contre l'armée iranienne mais également contre les populations civiles et plus particulièrement kurdes, sans réactions notables de la communauté internationale bien que l'Irak soit signataire en 1931 du protocole de Genève de 1925, interdisant l'utilisation des armes chimiques. The war bogged down into World War I-style trench warfare with tanks and modern late-20th century weapons. The Iraqgate scandal revealed that a branch of Italy's largest bank, Banca Nazionale del Lavoro (BNL), in Atlanta, Georgia, relied partially on U.S. taxpayer-guaranteed loans to funnel $5 billion to Iraq from 1985 to 1989. Since March, the Iraqis claimed to have captured 1,298 tanks, 155 infantry fighting vehicles, 512 heavy artillery pieces, 6,196 mortars, 5,550 recoilless rifles and light guns, 8,050-man-portable rocket launchers, 60,694 rifles, 322 pistols, 454 trucks, and 1,600 light vehicles. Trading with both countries helped Turkey to offset its ongoing economic crisis, though the benefits decreased as the war neared its end and accordingly disappeared entirely with Iraq's invasion of Kuwait and the resulting Iraq sanctions Turkey imposed in response. [78] Journalist Patrick Brogan wrote, "It appeared for a while that Iraq would be strangled economically before it was defeated militarily. From 1980 to 1987, Spain sold €458 million in weapons to Iran and €172 million[clarification needed] to Iraq. Although Iraq hoped to take advantage of Iran's post-revolutionary chaos and expected a decisive victory in the face of a severely weakened Iran, the Iraqi military only made progress for three months, and by December 1980 the invasion had stalled. [103]:264 One of the most successful Iraqi tactics was the "one-two punch" attack using chemical weapons. Des milliers de livres avec la livraison chez vous en 1 jour ou en magasin avec -5% de réduction . Il est arrivé que les jeunes volontaires endoctrinés se précipitent sur les champs de mines. The final claim tally was 10 SeaCobras and 6 Mi-25s destroyed. [170][171] While Iranian forces crossed the border and captured the eastern section of Basra Governorate, the operation ended in a stalemate. Téléchargez la version électronique de Images, combattants et martyrs - La guerre Iran-Irak vue par le cinéma iranien sur odpsemetenscene.fr. Casualties were high, and by the end of 1983, an estimated 120,000 Iranians and 60,000 Iraqis had been killed. En raison de cette diminution considérable, l'Irak dut recourir à l'aide de l’Arabie saoudite, entre autres. [129] Iran managed to get some advanced weapons, such as anti-tank TOW missiles, which worked better than rocket-propelled grenades. Currently, it seems as though Iraq is being pulled in two opposing directions, between a practical relationship with Iran, who can provide a reliable source of power as well as military support to the influential Shia militias and political factions. Others, particularly the more nationalistic and religious, the clergy, and the Revolutionary Guards, wished to continue the war. Turkey's export market jumped from $220 million in 1981 to $2 billion in 1985, making up 25% of Turkey's overall exports. Iraqi Mi-25s also claimed 43 kills against other Iranian helicopters, such as Agusta-Bell UH-1 Hueys. Based on these observations, Iraq's leaders decided to carry out a surprise airstrike against the Iranian air force's infrastructure prior to the main invasion. [75] On 2 July, Iran belatedly set up a joint central command which unified the Revolutionary Guard, Army, and Kurdish rebels, and dispelled the rivalry between the Army and the Revolutionary Guard. Certes, peut-être qu’au front de la guerre Iran-Irak, les grands dirigeants descendaient sur le terrain, auprès des combattants, mais c’est quelque chose de spécifique à l’Iran qui ne se fait pas à l’extérieur de l’Iran. p.95, Zabih, S. (1988). [280], Page ranges should be limited to one or two pages when possible. Amr G.E. [75], To the shock of the Iranians, rather than breaking off the offensive, the Iraqis kept up their drive, and a new force attacked the Iranian positions around Basra. Moscou livrant plusieurs centaines de millions de dollars de matériel militaire à l'Iran directement ou en passant par des pays tiers dont des obusiers M1954 envoyés dès l'ouverture du conflit, un contingent de conseillers militaires vient en Iran, 3 000 hommes mi-1983, et 4 200 en mars 1987, une station d'écoute soviétique fut installée dans ce pays, des officiers iraniens entrèrent dans des écoles militaires et il y eut coopération entre les services de sécurité[56]. They counted on China, North Korea, Libya, Syria, and Japan for supplying anything from weapons and munitions to logistical and engineering equipment. [149] By late 1987, the Iraqi Air Force could count on direct American support for conducting long-range operations against Iranian infrastructural targets and oil installations deep in the Persian Gulf. [78], By 1987, Iranian morale had begun to crumble, reflected in the failure of government campaigns to recruit "martyrs" for the front. [144] Iran, confident in its successes, began planning their largest offensives of the war, which they called their "final offensives". [149] The U.S. Navy was now becoming more involved in the fight in the Persian Gulf, launching Operations Earnest Will and Prime Chance against the Iranians. Iranian paratroopers landed behind the MEK lines while the Iranian Air Force and helicopters launched an air attack, destroying much of the enemy columns. "[91], On 8 March 1980, Iran announced it was withdrawing its ambassador from Iraq, downgraded its diplomatic ties to the charge d'affaires level, and demanded that Iraq do the same. [122] Operations were often carried out during the night and deception operations, infiltrations, and maneuvers became more common. Le sort des 175 plongeurs provoqua une vague de sympathie dans les réseaux sociaux iraniens[69]. According to Hiltermann, the literature on the Iran–Iraq War reflects allegations of chemical weapons used by Iran, but they are "marred by a lack of specificity as to time and place, and the failure to provide any sort of evidence". [78][155] Neutral tankers shipping to Iran were unsurprisingly not protected by Earnest Will, resulting in reduced foreign tanker traffic to Iran, since they risked Iraqi air attack. On 9 December 1991, Javier Pérez de Cuéllar, UN Secretary General at the time, reported that Iraq's initiation of the war was unjustified, as was its occupation of Iranian territory and use of chemical weapons against civilians: That [Iraq's] explanations do not appear sufficient or acceptable to the international community is a fact...[the attack] cannot be justified under the charter of the United Nations, any recognized rules and principles of international law, or any principles of international morality, and entails the responsibility for conflict. The attack was carried out by Basij infantry and the Revolutionary Guard's 31st Ashura and the Army's 77th Khorasan armored divisions. C'est en particulier le cas de l'URSS, de la France et des États-Unis. By the eighth day, the Iranians had gained 16 km (9.9 mi) inside Iraq and had taken several causeways. Saddam then offered the Iranians to exchange Mehran for al-Faw. [227], The United States pursued policies in favour of Iraq by reopening diplomatic channels, lifting restrictions on the export of dual-use technology, overseeing the transfer of third-party military hardware, and providing operational intelligence on the battlefield. During Operation Nimble Archer in October 1987, the United States attacked Iranian oil platforms in retaliation for an Iranian attack on the U.S.-flagged Kuwaiti tanker Sea Isle City. Because the Iranian war effort relied on popular mobilization, their military strength actually declined, and Iran was unable to launch any major offensives after Karbala-5. À partir de 1987, la confrontation avec les forces aéronavales américaines constitue une épreuve supplémentaire pour l'IRIAF. [135] Khomeini responded by saying the war would not end until a new government was installed in Iraq and reparations paid. [78][96] On 24 February 1986, Saddam sent one of his best commanders, General Maher Abd al-Rashid, and the Republican Guard to begin a new offensive to recapture al-Faw. Pour l'ensemble de la guerre les dégâts infligés aux habitations en Iran représentèrent un cout possible de 18 milliards de dollars[66]. [77] Despite Iraq's goal of regaining the Shatt al-Arab[note 5], the Iraqi government initially seemed to welcome the Iranian Revolution, which overthrew Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, who was seen as a common enemy. Le pilote de chasse déclara avoir confondu le navire avec un pétrolier iranien. Some of their equipment, such as tanks, outnumbered the Iranians' by at least five to one. Iran used speedboats to cross the marshes and rivers in southern Iraq and landed troops on the opposing banks, where they would dig and set up pontoon bridges across the rivers and wetlands to allow heavy troops and supplies to cross. L'Iran demeure quant à lui largement isolé tout au long du conflit. The bombings killed 65 children in an elementary school in Borujerd. Elle les reprit dès 1981 en livrant notamment des bombardiers Tu-22 Blinder et dépêche un fort contingent de conseillers militaires pour l'entretien de son matériel[54]. Iran sent a delegation to Iraq soon after the Ba'ath coup in 1969 and, when Iraq refused to proceed with negotiations over a new treaty, the treaty of 1937 was withdrawn by Iran. [271] Both sides, especially Iraq, also carried out air and missile attacks against population centers. [278] This is due most likely to Iran's interest in keeping Iraq politically stable, and imposing these reparation costs would further burden the already impoverished nation. Employing 200,000 "last reserve" Revolutionary Guard troops, Iran attacked along a 40 km (25 mi) stretch near al-Amarah, Iraq, about 200 km (120 mi) southeast of Baghdad, in an attempt to reach the highways connecting northern and southern Iraq. As a result, the only outstanding border dispute between Iran and Iraq at the time of the Iraqi invasion of 22 September was the question of whether Iranian ships would fly Iraqi flags and pay Iraq navigation fees for a stretch of the Shatt al-Arab river spanning several miles.[100][101]. Le 19 octobre 1987 quatre destroyers américains attaquèrent et détruisirent presque totalement au canon naval les deux plates-formes pétrolières iraniennes de Reshadat et Resalat. Guerre complexe par ses enjeux et ses acteurs, la guerre Iran-Irak qui transcendera le cadre classique de la guerre froide, aura par ses conséquences un impact profond sur tout le Golfe Persique et au delà ; Si la guerre d'Irak était à refaire, la réponse, aux Etats-Unis, serait « sûrement non ». irakien donne l'ordre à l'armée de « porter des coups décisifs aux objectifs militaires iraniens ». Some reports mistakenly have the Basijis marching into battle while marking their expected entry to heaven by wearing "Plastic Keys to Paradise" around their necks, although other analysts regard this story as a hoax involving a misinterpretation of the carrying of a prayer book called "The Keys to Paradise"(Mafatih al-Janan) by Sheikh Abbas Qumi given to all volunteers. Iran lacked both cohesive leadership and spare parts for their American-made and British-made equipment. 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Deux voisins que tout oppose », Bulloch, John, The Gulf War : Its Origins, History and Consequences by John Bulloch and Harvey Morris, London : Methuen London, 1989, p.190, Parsi, Trita Treacherous Alliance: The secret dealings of Israel, Iran and the United States, by Trita Parsi, Yale University Press, 2007, Résolution 598 du Conseil de sécurité des Nations unies, Les effets des exportations d'armements chinois sur la violence régionale, Organisation des moudjahiddines du peuple iranien, corps des Gardiens de la révolution islamique, résolution 598 du Conseil de sécurité de l'Organisation des Nations unies, Force aérienne de la République islamique d'Iran, échec de l'opération destinée à libérer les employés, opération de grande envergure nommée Praying Mantis, plates-formes pétrolières (Iran c. 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Selon l'Iranien Hooshang Amirahmadi, fondateur du think tank Conseil Américano-Iranien, les dégâts causés aux habitations iraniennes furent considérables. Entre 1970 et 1990, ses achats furent de 31,5 milliards de dollars (valeur 1985) et l'Union soviétique fut de très loin le principal fournisseur. [165], Compounding the extensive foreign help to Iraq, Iranian attacks were severely hampered by their shortages of weaponry, particularly heavy weapons as large amounts had been lost during the war. [27]:160 However, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, and the other Gulf states saved Iraq from bankruptcy[78] by providing it with an average of $60 billion in subsidies per year. Iran and Iraq share many common interests, as they share a common enemy in the Islamic State. Some were captured, while many were killed. [citation needed] Moreover, Iraq's air force took heavy losses[citation needed] and Iran struck back, hitting Baghdad and other Iraqi cities. [75] The Iranians attacked the vital oil-producing Majnoon Island by landing troops via helicopters onto the islands and severing the communication lines between Amareh and Basra. Behind each waterway and defensive line was radar-guided artillery, ground attack aircraft and helicopters, all capable of firing poison gas or conventional munitions. L'affrontement militaire se double d'une guerre des symboles. Author Devictor, Agnès. These speedboats would launch surprise attacks against tankers and cause substantial damage. [251][252], According to Iraqi documents, assistance in developing chemical weapons was obtained from firms in many countries, including the United States, West Germany, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, and France. Combined with Iraq's negative economic growth after prolonged international sanctions, this produced a debt-to-GDP ratio of more than 1,000%, making Iraq the most indebted developing country in the world. These too inflicted damage upon Iraq. At the same time, Western analysts accepted improbable estimates. Cette situation se ressentira particulièrement pour l'armée de l'air dont les échecs initiaux (bombardements peu précis, problèmes de logistique) faciliteront grandement la contre-offensive iranienne. Istanbul: Kultur Y. pp. [75] History professor Kaveh Farrokh considered this to be Iran's greatest military disaster during the war. C’est un frappant contraste avec les mobilisations volontaires des travailleurs iraniens pour le front en 1980. Resolution 598 became effective on 8 August 1988, ending all combat operations between the two countries. 19-48. Des milliers de livres avec la livraison chez vous en 1 jour ou en magasin avec … [96][page needed] Saddam also recruited volunteers from other Arab countries into the Republican Guard, and received much technical support from foreign nations as well.